When a client asks for the time, it sends a random nonce. The server replies with a signed certificate containing both the nonce and a timestamp, proving the response happened after the request. Responses can be chained together with provable ordering; if any server’s timestamps are inconsistent with that ordering, that server is cryptographically “outed” as unreliable.
The answer is essentially hardware-level dependency injection. Before calling LD_DESCRIPTOR, the caller saves its desired test constant into a hardware latch using a micro-op called PTSAV (Protection Save). Within LD_DESCRIPTOR, another micro-op called PTOVRR (Protection Override) retrieves and fires the saved test.
，更多细节参见体育直播
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Фото: Pavel Kashaev / Globallookpress.com