Model architectures for VLMs differ primarily in how visual and textual information is fused. Mid-fusion models use a pretrained vision encoder to convert images into visual tokens that are projected into a pretrained LLM’s embedding space, enabling cross-modal reasoning while leveraging components already trained on trillions of tokens. Early-fusion models process image patches and text tokens in a single model transformer, yielding richer joint representations but at significantly higher compute, memory, and data cost. We adopted a mid-fusion architecture as it offers a practical trade-off for building a performant model with modest resources.
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